Are there other than pregnancy reasons for women to have an ultrasound?

Ultrasound examinations can help determine the causes of pelvic pain, abnormal bleeding, or other menstrual problems. Ultrasound images can also help to identify palpable masses such as ovarian cysts and uterine fibroids, as well as ovarian or uterine cancers. Sonohysterography (saline infusion sonography) is a relatively new procedure in which sterile saline is injected into the uterus while a transvaginal sonogram is performed. The purpose is to distend the uterine cavity (endometrial cavity) to look for polyps, fibroids, or cancer, especially in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. Other indications include evaluation of the uterine cavity looking for uterine anomalies (abnormal uterine shapes since birth) or scars. The saline outlines the lesion and allows for easy visualization and measurement. Some physicians also use sonohysterography for patients with infertility. Saline and air are injected into the uterus and the physician looks for air bubbles passing through the fallopian tubes, which would indicate patency of the fallopian tubes.

How should I prepare for the procedure?

A full bladder helps with visualization of the uterus, ovaries and bladder wall. For transvaginal examinations, no bladder filling is required.

What does the equipment look like?

The equipment consists of a transducer and a monitoring system. The transducer is a small, hand-held device that resembles a microphone. The radiologist or sonographer spreads a lubricating gel on the patient’s lower abdomen, where the uterus and ovaries are located, and then presses this device firmly against the skin. Transvaginal ultrasound uses a wand-like device that is covered, lubricated and inserted into the vaginal canal.

The ultrasound image is immediately visible on a nearby screen that looks much like a computer or television monitor. The radiologist or sonographer watches this screen during an examination and captures representative images for storage. Often, the patient is able to see the monitor as well.

An example of the ultrasound equipment that may be used is shown at the top of this page.

How does the procedure work?

Ultrasound imaging is based on the same principles as the sonar used by bats, ships at sea, and anglers with fish detectors. As a controlled sound wave bounces against objects, its reflected waves can be used to identify how far away the object is, how large it is, its shape and its internal consistency (fluid, solid or mixed).

The ultrasound transducer functions as both a loudspeaker (to transmit the sounds) and a microphone (to record them). When the transducer is pressed against the skin, it directs a stream of inaudible, high-frequency sound waves into the body. As the sound waves echo back from the body’s fluids and tissues, the sensitive microphone in the transducer records the strength and character of the reflected waves. With Doppler ultrasound, the microphone captures and records tiny changes in the sound wave's pitch and direction. These signature waves are instantly measured and displayed by a computer, which in turn creates a real-time dynamic picture on the monitor. The live images of the examination can be recorded on videotape or on a disk. In addition, still frames of the moving picture are usually "frozen" to capture a series of images. These "frozen" images are used to obtain measurements and to document the essential positions of the examination.

Doppler ultrasonography is an application of diagnostic ultrasound to detect moving blood cells in vessels and measure their direction and speed of movement. The Doppler effect is used to evaluate movement by measuring changes in the frequency of the echoes reflected from moving structures.

How is the procedure performed?

For the transabdominal approach, a clear gel is applied to the lower abdomen to help the transducer make secure contact with the skin. The sound waves produced by the transducer cannot penetrate air, so the gel helps to eliminate air pockets between the transducer and the skin. The sonographer then presses the transducer firmly against the skin and sweeps it back and forth to image the pelvic organs. Below is an example of a transabdominal transducer.

Transvaginal ultrasound involves the insertion of the transducer into the vagina after the patient empties her bladder and is performed very much like a gynecologic exam. The tip of the transducer is smaller than the standard speculum used when performing a Pap test. A protective cover is placed over the transducer, lubricated with a small amount of gel, and then inserted into the vagina. Only two to three inches of the transducer end are inserted into the vagina. The images are obtained from different orientations to get the best views of the uterus and ovaries. Doppler sonography can be performed through the transvaginal transducer, which is the same transducer used during sonohysterography. Below is an example of a transvaginal transducer (probe). Transvaginal ultrasound is usually performed with the patient lying on her back and with her feet in stirrups as during a gynecologic exam.

Each method has its advantages. The transabdominal approach offers an expanded view of the entire pelvis, showing where one internal structure is in relation to another. Since the transducer is brought closer to the area being examined in the transvaginal and transrectal approaches, improved visualization may be achieved. Thus, it can be helpful in locating the embryonic heartbeat in an early pregnancy, evaluating the uterine texture, or measuring a cyst in an ovary. Your physician will decide whether one or a combination of approaches is best for your particular case.

What will I experience during the procedure?

Ultrasound imaging of the pelvis should be painless. With transabdominal ultrasound, you will lie on your back on an examining table. The sonographer will spread some gel on your skin and then press the transducer firmly against your body, moving it until the desired images are captured. There may be varying degrees of discomfort from pressure as the transducer is moved over your abdomen, especially if you are required to have a full bladder.

With transvaginal ultrasound, although the examination is often performed to look for a cause of pelvic pain, the sonogram itself should not be painful or significantly increase your discomfort. A vaginal sonogram is usually more comfortable than a manual gynecologic examination.

Almost all examinations take less than 30 minutes.

What are the benefits vs. risks?

Benefits:

Risks:

• For standard diagnostic ultrasound there are no known harmful effects on humans.

What are the limitations of Pelvic Ultrasound Imaging?

Ultrasound waves are reflected by air or gas. Therefore, ultrasound is not an ideal imaging exam for the bowel. Barium exams and CT scanning may be the methods of choice for bowel-related problems.

Ultrasound has difficulty penetrating bone and can only see the outer surface of bony structures and not what lies within and beyond. For visualizing bone or internal structure of certain joints, other imaging modalities, such as MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), may be selected.